Generated by All in One SEO v5.0.1.1, this is an llms.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # BiochemiCalc Just another WordPress site ## Sitemaps - [XML Sitemap](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website. ## Posts - [Laboratory Notebook Guidelines ](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/2011/11/laboratory-notebook-guidelines/) - 1. Write your name & UREKA 2009 on the cover of the laboratory notebook and number the book JO-1. 2. Leave space for an index at the beginning of the book. Number each experiment (JO2009-E1 etc.) and give experiment title and page number reference. 3. Give each experiment a Title. 4. Break the experiment up - [Guide to Buffer Preparation](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/2011/11/guide-to-buffer-preparation/) - 1. All glassware to be used for reagent or buffer preparation should have been previously washed in hot water with detergent and subsequently rinsed thoroughly with deionised water and, preferably, dried. 2. Decide on the volume of reagent or buffer required and calculate the required amount of solute(s) and/or volumes of stock solution(s) required to ## Pages - [Home](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/) - [Reference](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/reference/) - [Buffer Preparation](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/reference/buffer-preparation-guide/) - Ten Steps to Accurate and Reliable Reagent Preparation. Most solutions for use in the molecular biology laboratory require careful preparation and storage. This guide describes, in detail, the essential steps which must be carried out for the accurate and precise preparation of buffered solutions prior to experimentation. If you prepare solutions which do not require - [Quizzes](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quizzes/) - In this section of the website you will be presented with problems of a biochemical nature. You are encouraged to work through these problems, using the formulas provided, and then to double-check your answers using the BiochemiCalc™ calculators. To begin, please select any question from the list opposite. For your convenience, our calculators are available - [Dialysis Procedure](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/wp-content/pdf/Dialysis-Procedure.pdf#new_tab) - Guide to performing a dialysis procedure. Reagent: Deionised water Other reagents as required (e.g. PBS) Materials & Equipment: Dialysis membrane (various sizes) Magnetic stirrer & bar Plastic pipettes Scissors Tissue Note: Dialysis is used for both the removal of low molecular weight contaminants and buffer exchange of protein containing solutions. Optimal protein concentration range for - [Immunoblotting](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/wp-content/pdf/Immunoblotting-Reagents-Procedure.pdf#new_tab) - Techniques: Immunological detection of antigens. Handling of antibody and antibody-enzyme conjugate reagents. Reagent preparation. Principle: This immunoassay procedure utilises membrane strips containing antigen. Antibodies present in the serum sample bind to the immobilised antigen during a defined incubation period. After a washing step (any unbound antibody is removed by washing), conjugate (anti-mouse IgG-horseradish peroxidase (HRP)) - [Biotin Conjugation](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/wp-content/pdf/Antibody-Biotinylation-Procedure.pdf#new_tab) - Guide to preparing Biotinylated Antibody Conjugate. Reagents: Purified IgG (3 mg/ml ) Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate (NaHCO3) N-Hydroxy-Succinimidobiotin (NHS-d-biotin) Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) Deionised water Materials & Equipment: Analytical Balance pH Meter (calibrated 7 - 10) Beakers and graduated cylinders Magnetic stirrer Dialysis tubing Spectrophotometer Reagent Preparation: Preparation of 0.1M NaHCO3 (500ml): 1. Record component - [SDS PAGE Reagents](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/wp-content/pdf/SDS-PAGE-Reagents-Procedure.pdf#new_tab) - [5M NaOH Preparation](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/wp-content/pdf/5M-NaOH-Preparation.pdf#new_tab) - Instructions on how to prepare 100ml 5M NaOH. Materials and Equipment: Glass storage bottle Graduated cylinder Magnetic Stirrer and flea Balance and Weighing boat Gloves Safety glasses Note: The dissolution of sodium hydroxide in water is a highly exothermic reaction, stirring should commence immediately upon addition of the water to avoid localised hot-spots in the - [5M HCL Preparation](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/wp-content/pdf/5M-HCL-Preparation.pdf#new_tab) - Instruction on how to prepare 100ml of a 5M HCL Solution. Materials & Equipment: Fume cupboard 100ml Glass Bottles 100ml Graduated Cylinders Magnetic Stirrer Safety Note: Wear latex gloves and safety spectacles. Perform operation in Fume Hood. Procedure: Record component batch number(s), if appropriate. Add approximately 40ml of deionised water to a 100ml glass bottle. - [5X PBS Concentrate](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/wp-content/pdf/5X-PBS-Concentrate-Preparation.pdf#new_tab) - [Hints and Formulae](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/reference/hints-and-formulae/) - Hints 1. One mole of ANY compound equals Avogadro’s Number of molecules (i.e., 6.023 x 1023). 2. Therefore, one mole of sodium chloride (molecular weight: 58.44 g/mol) and one mole of sodium hydroxide (molecular weight: 40 g/mol) have different molecular weights (because they contain different elements), but one mole of each consists of identical number - [Laboratory Guides](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/reference/laboratory-guides/) - [Periodic Table](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/reference/periodic-table/) - [Calculators](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/calculators/) ## Elements - [Copernicum](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/copernicum/) - [Ununseptium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/ununseptium/) - [Astatine](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/astatine/) - [Polonium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/polonium/) - [Mercury](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/mercury/) - [Iodine](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/iodine/) - [Tellurium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/tellurium/) - [Antimony](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/antimony/) - [Cadmium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/cadmium/) - [Bromine](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/bromine/) - [Arsenic](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/arsenic/) - [Germanium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/germanium/) - [Zinc](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/zinc/) - [Chlorine](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/chlorine/) - [Silicon](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/silicon/) - [Fluorine](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/fluorine/) - [Boron](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/boron/) - [Hydrogen](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/hydrogen/) - [Ununoctium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/ununoctium/) - [Ununhexium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/ununhexium/) - [Ununpentium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/ununpentium/) - [Ununquadium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/ununquadium/) - [Ununtrium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/ununtrium/) - [Roentgenium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/roentgenium/) - [Darmstadium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/darmstadium/) - [Meitnerium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/meitnerium/) - [Hassium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/hassium/) - [Bohrium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/bohrium/) - [Seaborgium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/seaborgium/) - [Dudnium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/dudnium/) - [Rutherfordium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/rutherfordium/) - [Lawrencium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/lawrencium/) - [Nobelium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/nobelium/) - [Mendelevium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/mendelevium/) - [Fermium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/fermium/) - [Einsteinium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/einsteinium/) - [Californium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/californium/) - [Berkelium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/berkelium/) - [Curium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/curium/) - [Americium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/americium/) - [Plutonium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/plutonium/) - [Neptunium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/neptunium/) - [Uranium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/uranium/) - [Protactinium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/protactinium/) - [Thorium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/thorium/) - [Actinium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/actinium/) - [Radium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/radium/) - [Francium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/francium/) - [Radon](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/radon/) - [Bismuth](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/bismuth/) - [Lead](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/lead/) - [Thallium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/thallium/) - [Gold](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/gold/) - [Platinum](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/platinum/) - [Iridium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/iridium/) - [Osmium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/osmium/) - [Rhenium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/rhenium/) - [Tungsten](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/tungsten/) - [Tantalum](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/tantalum/) - [Hafnium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/hafnium/) - [Lutetium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/lutetium/) - [Ytterbium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/ytterbium/) - [Thulium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/thulium/) - [Erbium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/erbium/) - [Holmium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/holmium/) - [Dysprosium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/dysprosium/) - [Terbium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/terbium/) - [Gadolinium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/gadolinium/) - [Europium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/europium/) - [Samarium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/samarium/) - [Promethium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/promethium/) - [Neodymium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/neodymium/) - [Praseodymium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/praseodymium/) - [Cerium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/cerium/) - [Lanthanum](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/lanthanum/) - [Barium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/barium/) - [Caesium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/caesium/) - [Xenon](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/xenon/) - [Tin](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/tin/) - [Indium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/indium/) - [Silver](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/silver/) - [Palladium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/palladium/) - [Rhodium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/rhodium/) - [Ruthenium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/ruthenium/) - [Technetium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/technetium/) - [Molybdenum](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/molybdenum/) - [Niobium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/niobium/) - [Zirconium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/zirconium/) - [Yttrium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/yttrium/) - [Strontium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/strontium/) - [Rubidium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/rubidium/) - [Krypton](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/krypton/) - [Selenium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/selenium/) - [Gallium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/gallium/) - [Copper](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/copper/) - [Nickel](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/nickel/) - [Cobalt](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/cobalt/) - [Iron](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/iron/) - [Manganese](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/manganese/) - [Chromium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/chromium/) - [Vanadium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/vanadium/) - [Titanium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/titanium/) - [Scandium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/scandium/) - [Calcium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/calcium/) - [Potassium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/potassium/) - [Argon](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/argon/) - [Sulfur](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/sulfur/) - [Phosphorus](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/phosphorus/) - [Aluminium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/aluminium/) - [Magnesium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/magnesium/) - [Sodium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/sodium/) - [Neon](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/neon/) - [Oxygen](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/oxygen/) - [Nitrogen](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/nitrogen/) - [Helium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/he/) - [Beryllium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/beryllium/) - [Carbon](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/carbon/) - [Lithium](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/element/lithium/) ## Compounds - [Thyroglobulin](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/thyroglobulin/) - [Ovalbumin](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/ovalbumin/) - [Immunoglobulin G (IgG)](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/immunoglobulin-g-igg/) - [Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/horseradish-peroxidase-hrp/) - [Bovine serum albumin (BSA)](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/bovine-serum-albumin-bsa/) - [Sodium bicarbonate](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/sodium-bicarbonate/) - [Tris](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/tris/) - [Cyanuric chloride](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/yanuric-chloride/) - [Lithium hydroxide](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/lithium-hydroxide/) - [Sodium iodide](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/sodium-iodide/) - [Disodium hydrogen phosphate](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/disodium-hydrogen-phosphate/) - [Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/sodium-dihydrogen-phosphate-dihydrate/) - [L-glutamine](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/l-glutamine/) - [HEPES, Sodium Salt](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/hepes-sodium-salt/) - [Glycine](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/glycine/) - [EDTA, disodium salt,dihydrate](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/edta-disodium-saltdihydrate/) - [Mes, hydrate](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/mes-hydrate/) - [Magnesium sulphate, heptahydrate](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/magnesium-sulphate-heptahydrate/) - [Sodium citrate, tribasic, dihydrate](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/sodium-citrate-tribasic-dihydrate/) - [Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, anhydrous](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/dipotassium-hydrogen-phosphate-anhydrous/) - [Potassium dihydrogen phosphate](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/potassium-dihydrogen-phosphate/) - [Magnesium chloride, hexahydrate](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/magnesium-chloride-hexahydrate/) - [Magnesium acetate, tetrahydrate](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/magnesium-acetate-tetrahydrate/) - [Bis Tris Propane](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/bis-tris-propane/) - [CAPS](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/caps/) - [Calcium chloride, anhydrous](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/calcium-chloride-anhydrous/) - [Thiourea](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/thiourea/) - [Triethanolamine](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/triethanolamine/) - [Hydroxylamine hydrochloride](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/hydroxylamine-hydrochloride/) - [SATA (N-succinimidyl S-acetylthioacetate)](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/sata-n-succinimidyl-s-acetylthioacetate/) - [N-ethylmaleimide](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/n-ethylmaleimide/) - [Succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC)](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/succinimidyl-4-n-maleimidomethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate-smcc/) - [Sulfosuccinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (Sulfo-SMCC)](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/sulfosuccinimidyl-4-n-maleimidomethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate-sulfo-smcc/) - [1-Ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC or EDAC)](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/1-ethyl-3-3-dimethylaminopropylcarbodiimide-hydrochloride-edc-or-edac/) - [N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/n-hydroxysulfosuccinimide/) - [N-hydroxysuccinimide](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/n-hydroxysuccinimide/) - [Gliotoxin](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/gliotoxin/) - [dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC)](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-dcc/) - [Potassium chloride](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/potassium-chloride/) - [Sodium carbonate](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/sodium-carbonate/) - [Nitric acid](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/nitric-acid/) - [Sulphuric acid](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/sulphuric-acid/) - [Ethyl acetate](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/ethyl-acetate/) - [Acetonitrile](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/acetonitrile/) - [Chloroform](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/chloroform/) - [Methanol](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/methanol/) - [Isopropanol](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/isopropanol/) - [Ethanol](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/ethanol/) - [Acetone](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compound/acetone/) ## Quizzes - [Question 19](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/question-19/) - [Question 20](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/question-20/) - [Question 18](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/question-18/) - [Question 16](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/q16/) - [Question 17](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/q17/) - [Question 15](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/q15/) - [Question 14](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/q14/) - [Question 13](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/q13/) - [Question 12](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/q12/) - [Question 11](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/11/) - [Question 10](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/q10/) - [Question 9](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/9/) - [Question 8](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/q8/) - [Question 7](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/7/) - [Question 6](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/q6/) - [Question 5](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/q5/) - [Question 4](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/q4/) - [Question 3](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/q3/) - [Question 1](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/q1/) - [Question 2](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/quiz/q2/) ## Categories - [Guides](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/category/guides/) ## Series - [Alkali Metals](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/elements/alkali-metals/) - [Alkaline Earth Metals](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/elements/alkaline-earth-metals/) - [Lanthanoids](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/elements/lanthanoids/) - [Actinoids](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/elements/actinoids/) - [Transition Metals](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/elements/transition-metals/) - [Post Transition Metals](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/elements/post-transition-metals/) - [Other Non-Metals](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/elements/other-non-metals/) - [Noble Gases](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/elements/noble-gases/) - [Halogens](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/elements/halogens/) - [Metalloids](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/elements/metalloids/) ## Categories - [Compound Selector](https://biochemicalc.nuim.ie/compounds/compound-selector/)